GIS-based bikeability approach as a tool in determining urban bicycle infrastructure capacity for Eskisehir, Turkey

Urban transportation systems are rapidly evolving to meet contemporary challenges such as traffic congestion, environmental concerns, and sustainable mobility demands. Cycling is increasingly recognized as a viable mode of sustainable urban transportation due to its environmental, economic, and health benefits. However, determining the adequacy and capacity of bicycle infrastructure remains a key challenge for urban planners. This study assesses the bicycle accessibility of Eskişehir, Turkey, by analyzing both existing and planned bicycle infrastructure using GIS-based methods. The research employs three established methodologies: Bicycle Stress Level (BSL), Bicycle Suitability Score (BSS), and Bicycle Level of Service (BLOS) to evaluate the urban road network and bicycle paths. These methods consider various factors including traffic conditions, road geometry, and infrastructure quality. The results reveal a disparity: while the BSS indicates that a large portion of the road network is "Suitable" or "Highly Suitable" for cycling, the BSL identifies significant "High Stress" areas for cyclists. Similarly, BLOS analysis shows that most of the network functions at "Level B," suggesting a reasonable environment for cycling, yet this contrasts with the high stress levels indicated by the BSL. The study highlights a critical issue where infrastructure classified as suitable may still present considerable stress for cyclists. The GIS-based approach provides a valuable tool for urban planners to identify areas needing improvement, aiming to create more bicycle-friendly cities. Ultimately, the research underscores the necessity for a comprehensive strategy that goes beyond basic assessments to effectively mitigate factors contributing to cycling stress, thereby fostering sustainable urban mobility.