Biogenic iron nanoparticles as a new priming solution to improve seed germination and vigor in pigeonpea (Cajanus Cajan L.)

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of biogenic iron nanoparticles as a novel priming solution to enhance seed germination and vigor in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.). Iron nanoparticles synthesized through green methods have received increasing scientific attention for their agricultural applications, particularly in enhancing seed germination and plant growth. In this study, eco-friendly, plant-based extracts were used to synthesize iron nanoparticles, explored as a nutritional supplement to boost pigeonpea seed germination. The green synthesis involved reducing iron salts using plant extracts, serving as both reducing and stabilizing agents. Characterization using UV-vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the nanoparticles’ nano-scale dimensions, stability, and crystalline structure. Seed priming with green-synthesized nanoparticles at an optimal concentration of 50 ppm significantly improved germination (97.76%), root and shoot lengths, and seedling dry weight, while reducing abnormal seedlings and dead seeds. These effects were attributed to enhanced bioavailability, improved enzymatic activity, and efficient nutrient delivery during germination. The results highlight the potential of green-synthesized iron nanoparticles as a effective seed priming agent in pigeonpea cultivation.