Towards Sustainable Policy‐Making in NATO: The Environmental and Economic Implications of CO <sub>2</sub> Emissions and Military Spending
ABSTRACT This study analyses the interrelationships among CO 2 emissions, ecological footprint, economic growth, military expenditures, and industrial development in NATO countries between 1990 and 2022. A GMM‐based panel vector autoregression (PVAR) approach is employed to capture long‐term dynamics. The results reveal that CO 2 emissions, economic growth, and military spending significantly increase the ecological footprint. Bidirectional causality is observed between CO 2 emissions and economic development, as well as between economic development and military expenditures, while other variables display unidirectional relationships. These findings emphasize the critical need for renewable energy adoption, green technology investments, and sustainable military and economic policies in NATO countries.
Authors
- Melike Atay Polat (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9507-5942)
- Usama Al‐mulali (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-7873)
- Alina Raboshuk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7271-9087)
- Erkam Emin Ayvaz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8213-5117)
- Buket Savranlar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4276-4821)
- Alper Aslan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8494-7063)
Institutions
- Mardin Artuklu University (TR)
- İstanbul Nişantaşı Üniversitesi (TR)
- Sohar University (OM)
- Erciyes University (TR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Sustainable Development
- Published
- 2026-01-02
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.70594
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Energy, Environment, Economic Growth
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 99.81