Optimal doses of high-intensity interval training in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis

HIIT effectively improves VO₂peak in both CAD and HF patients, with potentially greater benefits in HF. Dose-response analysis provides preliminary insights into its effect on submaximal exercise capacity (VO₂ at VT1). Optimal parameters are: for CAD-frequency ≥2 days/week, total period ≥12 weeks, session duration >35 min, active recovery intensity ≥40% VO₂peak, work/rest ratio 0.5-1.33; for HF-frequency ≥3 days/week, total period ≥12 weeks, session duration >35 min, active recovery intensity ≥40%, work/rest ratio 0.5-1.