Li-ion batteries vs photovoltaic – regenerative hydrogen fuel cell: Comprehensive review

This paper reviews and compares lithium-ion batteries and photovoltaic regenerative hydrogen fuel cell systems as energy storage solutions for solar power. Li-ion batteries offer high efficiency and are well-suited for short- term storage. PV–RHFC systems enable long-term and seasonal storage through hydrogen production and fuel cell conversion. The study highlights key differences in efficiency, cost, and scalability, providing insight into their roles in future energy systems.