A Modern Approach to Combating HPV: Integrating Molecular Diagnostics, Population-Based Prevention, and Vaccination Strategies

Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause asymptomatic infections, making it part of the human microbiota. Some HPV types cause benign proliferative lesions, such as warts or condylomas, while highly oncogenic types, in the context of chronic infection, can induce lesions that may progress to cancer. The article presents current knowledge on HPV biology, carcinogenesis, and risk factors modulated by co-infections with other viruses or bacteria. The paper also reviews contemporary diagnostic strategies, ranging from cytology (conventional and LBC) and DNA/mRNA (E6/E7) tests to highly sensitive NAAT and sequencing methods. Prevention through available vaccination programs is discussed. From a public health perspective, the importance of adolescent vaccination programs and screening tests, which effectively reduce the incidence of infection and mortality associated with HPV-related cancer, is emphasized.