Model-Based and Agile Systems Engineering Approach for Cyber-Physical Systems Development

This study presents a scalable, model-based, and agile systems engineering approach for the development of complex cyber-physical systems (CPS) such as aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, satellites, and automobiles. By integrating INCOSE’s systems engineering principles, the ARCADIA model-based methodology, and the SAFe framework, this approach enhances development scalability, business alignment, and digital continuity. The proposed hybrid method improves traditional system engineering by enabling the iterative and parallel development of logical and physical architectures, early stakeholder feedback, and simulation-driven validation. This reduces rework, increases engineering efficiency, and supports continuous integration across multidisciplinary teams. In contrast to conventional document-based and sequential processes, this approach ensures end-to-end traceability, accelerates product delivery through agile value streams, and adapts rapidly to evolving requirements. The SAFe framework adds organizational scalability by clearly defining responsibilities from the portfolio to the team level, thereby supporting strategic alignment and operational agility. Overall, the methodology addresses the complexity and pace of modern CPS development and lays the groundwork for future enhancements, such as AI integration, automated model transformations, and cyber-secure architecture design.