Transcriptomic Analysis of Fusarium verticillioides Across Different Cultivation Periods Reveals Dynamic Gene Expression Changes

<i>Fusarium verticillioides</i> is a common pathogenic fungus of corn since it causes severe yield losses and produces mycotoxins to threaten the health of both humans and livestock. Although extensive research has characterized specific genetic and environmental factors influencing mycotoxin production, a systematic understanding of the temporal transcriptional dynamics governing its developmental progression remains lacking. This study addresses this critical knowledge gap through a time-series transcriptomic analysis of <i>F. verticillioides</i> at four key cultivation stages (3, 5, 7, and 9 days post-inoculation). Transcriptomic analysis identified 1928, 2818, and 1934 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the comparisons of FV3 vs. FV5, FV5 vs. FV7, and FV7 vs. FV9, respectively. Gene Ontology enrichment revealed 76, 106, and 56 significantly enriched terms across these comparisons, with "integral component of membrane" consistently being the most enriched cellular component. Pathway analysis demonstrated "amino acid metabolism" and "carbohydrate metabolism" as the most significantly enriched metabolic pathways. Notably, the fumonisin (FUM) and fusaric acid (FA) biosynthetic gene clusters exhibited coordinated peak expression during the early cultivation, followed by progressive decline. Mfuzz clustering further delineated 12 distinct expression trajectories, highlighting the dynamic transcriptional networks underlying fungal adaptation. This work provided the first comprehensive temporal transcriptome of <i>F. verticillioides</i>, establishing a foundational resource for understanding its stage-specific biology and revealing potential time-sensitive targets for future intervention strategies.