Quadratic And Truncated Spline Structural Equation Modeling With Double Bootstrap In The Waste Management Economy

This study aims to develop and apply a semiparametric Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach that integrates quadratic and truncated spline estimation, enhanced with a double bootstrap resampling method. The semiparametric SEM is employed to overcome the limitations of conventional SEM, particularly when data complexity and social behavior do not fully satisfy linearity assumptions. The model was applied to analyze public mindset and participation in waste management based on the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) principle, focusing on the role of waste banks in optimizing the economic value of waste. The truncated spline approach enables flexible modeling of non-linear relationships among latent variables, while the quadratic term captures global curvature effects. Furthermore, the double bootstrap improves estimation precision by reducing bias and refining confidence intervals. The simulation and empirical results demonstrate that the semiparametric SEM with double bootstrap produces higher model stability and more accurate parameter estimation compared to the single bootstrap approach. This method provides a robust analytical framework for modeling complex social phenomena such as community-based waste management.