Exploring the internationalisation of schools: Insights from Italy

The internationalisation of education is one of the core priorities in contemporary educational agendas. While this phenomenon is particularly prominent at the tertiary education level, it has increasingly permeated K-12 education systems. This article examines the internationalisation of upper secondary schools through four questions: how the concept is understood, how European policies support it, how it has developed in Italy over the past fifteen years, and which good practices emerge. Drawing on a review of international literature, European policy documents, and a detailed case study of Italy, the article uses longitudinal data from the National Observatory on the Internationalisation of Italian Schools and Pupil Mobility, as well as reports from award-winning schools. The findings show steady progress but also persistent challenges relating to access, equity, teacher preparation, and the coherent implementation of national policies. The article concludes by outlining implications for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners, calling for more empirical research and more inclusive, evidence-based strategies to support meaningful and equitable internationalisation in schools.