Narrative review: neutrophil activation and NETosis in carbon nanotube-induced lung injury reveal mechanistic insights and biomarker based risk assessment

Neutrophil activation and NETosis represent important contributing pathways in CNT-induced inflammation and fibrosis, although current evidence does not establish NETosis as a central or predictive mechanism. Future strategies should focus on safer CNT design, strengthened occupational controls, biomarker-based surveillance, and mechanism-targeted interventions to minimize health risks while advancing sustainable nanotechnology.