ADHD Biology and Physiology: Trauma, Excitotoxicity, Nutrition, the Gut–Brain Axis, and Infrastructural Misdiagnosis

ADHD is a biologically rooted neurodevelopmental condition whose symptom severity and clinical presentation are significantly modulated by environmental and infrastructural factors—specifically trauma load, nutritional status, gut–brain axis integrity, and excitotoxic stress. These factors alter the same neural pathways implicated in ADHD (dopamine/norepinephrine signaling, cortical maturation, sleep architecture, and glutamate–GABA balance), leading to systematic misdiagnosis and over‑reliance on pharmaceutical treatment when nutritional and physiological contributors remain unassessed.