Sociodemographic and Health Factors Are Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance across Eight States in the United States
Recent studies suggest that country-level socioeconomic factors may explain antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns better than antimicrobial usage (AMU), but it remains unclear whether this holds for sociodemographic and health variation within countries. We used metagenomic analysis of untreated sewage to cross-sectionally characterize the bacterial resistome as a proxy for AMR at 44 wastewater treatment plants across eight USA states between 2019 and 2020. We examined associations between AMR with site-specific sociodemographic and health indicators and AMU. Spatial autocorrelation analyses were used to identify clusters of AMR. Gradient-boosted multivariate regression trees were applied to evaluate individual and joint predictor effects on AMR. Outpatient AMU explained negligible variation in AMR, whereas predictors related to economy, income, preventive health care, access to health care, social welfare, housing, and racial/ethnic composition showed the strongest associations. These relationships were observed across individual resistance classes and their combinations and predicted AMR nonlinearly, with thresholds where AMR shows sharp increases (risk factors) or decreases (protective factors). Significant interannual differences in resistome and bacteriome composition were observed between 2019 and 2020. Although causal inference is limited, the findings suggest that local-level indicators of health, economic conditions, well-being, and development may play an important role in shaping AMR within countries.
Authors
- Drew Capone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2138-6382)
- Saria Otani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2538-8086)
- Raúl González (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5431-4828)
- Dixie F. Mollenkopf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1633-0237)
- Valerie J. Harwood (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5246-2504)
- Nicola K. Beck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5868-2206)
- Frank M. Aarestrup (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7116-2723)
- Gregory A. Ballash (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0050-6154)
- Beatrice Wamuyu Muchiri
- Ana Rita Pinheiro Marques
- Ayella Maile-Moskowitz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4064-384X)
- Amy J. Pruden (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3191-6244)
- Emanuele Sozzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7937-267X)
- John Scott Meschke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-9042)
- Jolene Masters Pedersen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7592-422X)
- Bruce A. Smith (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1250-1710)
- Kelly M. Clark (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2232-8423)
- Thomas E. Wittum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9216-1308)
- Baptiste Jacques Philippe Avot (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9566-7871)
- Mark D. Sobsey
- Patrick Murigu Kamau Njage
- Patrick McNamara
- Ágnes Becsei
- Jeanette Calarco
- Sanghoon Kang
Institutions
- Marquette University (US)
- Eötvös Loránd University (HU)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US)
- California Department of Public Health (US)
- Eastern Illinois University (US)
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of South Florida (US)
- Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (US)
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (MX)
- Environmental Construction College (JP)
- Integrative Medicine Institute (US)
- Center for Genomic Science (IT)
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Indiana University (US)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Published
- 2025-12-31
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c07425
- Primary Topic
- Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00