Incidence of Columbicola columbae lice in Domestic pigeons and Laughing doves in Babylon governorate

Ectoparasites, particularly lice, are common pathogens in doves and pigeons, with studies showing significantly high prevalence rates. Scientific evidence indicates that severe lice infestations are associated with abnormal behavioral changes, decreased reproductive performance, and a weakened immune response in infected birds. The field survey was conducted from November 2024 to July 2025, and included the examination of 123 samples representing laughing doves (Streptopelia senegalensis) and endemic pigeons (Columba livia). Samples were collected from various districts and sub-districts of Babil Governorate using a systematic random sampling methodology to ensure comprehensive geographical representation of birds in the studied area. The results of the current study indicated that the prevalence of Columbicola columbae lice in endemic pigeons was 31.81%, while in laughing doves it was 29.82%. The density of the parasite under the wing and tail were 78% and 73% higher than its presence on the back and abdomen, which were 22% and 27% in laughing doves and endemic pigeons, respectively. These findings are of great importance given the harm these parasites cause to infected birds, in addition to their potential source of transmission of diseases common to humans and animals. This species of lice was first recorded in the laughing dove (S. senegalensis) in Iraq.