A Comprehensive Review of Maternal Nutrition with Emphasis on the Nutritional Requirements of Lactating Women

Breastfeeding periods are more nutrient-demanding than non-pregnant and non-lactating states. This review aims to examine, compare, and summarize the scientific data on the nutritional requirements of lactating mothers. Producing one liter of breast milk requires approximately 700 kcal of energy, making lactation a physiologically demanding process. Diets low in total energy or fat can mobilize of maternal fat stores, potentially leading to weight loss. Nursing mothers who consume more than 1 g/kg of protein per day can preserve their lean body mass. According to the U.S. and Canadian Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), the recommended carbohydrate intake for breastfeeding mothers is 210 g/day. Because maternal micronutrient status affects pregnancy outcomes, infant growth and development, and maternal health, it should be addressed from preconception through lactation. Due to maternal homeostatic mechanisms, many mineral levels do not fluctuate significantly during lactation, as absorption, excretion, and mobilization from body stores such as bone help maintain adequate mineral concentrations in breast milk and maternal circulation. In contrast, vitamin requirements increase significantly to support maternal health and infant growth. Lactating women require higher amounts of vitamins A, B12, C, and D than non-lactating women, as these vitamins and minerals are actively transferred into breast milk to support infant growth, immune function, and overall development. Maternal nutrition is therefore crucial for both mother and child. Increasing dietary intake during lactation is essential, and future research should evaluate culturally appropriate nutrition interventions, supplementation strategies, and food-based programs to improve maternal nutrient intake. Policy measures could include developing national maternal nutrition guidelines, promoting community-based education on dietary diversity, ensuring access to fortified foods or supplements, and integrating maternal nutrition support into existing healthcare and public health programs.