Integrated TLS-UAV Surveying for Risk-Aware Conservation at the Jupiter Temple in Baalbek Castle: Policy Application and Evidence for Resilience

Information about cultural heritage resources is archived and documented through data collection, including measuring results. The capacity of these measures to represent all the object's primary and secondary characteristics accounts for their efficacy. This article investigates the combination of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and photogrammetric surveys utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the three-dimensional modeling of the Baalbek temple complex, a globally significant cultural heritage site. However, due to their relatively recent introduction into geodetic practice, and especially useful for fixing monuments. There are many questions about the use of this technology for fixing monuments. They basically come down to making sure that accuracy standards are met. To ensure the accuracy of survey points and, more generally, laser scanning and aerial photography, this article uses the geodetic method. Simultaneously, the least-squares approach was used to create the reference network and estimate its accuracy. The accuracy of several supporting network designs was simulated, and the outcomes were compared with real data (Novel, 2015). This study emphasizes the crucial role of current geospatial technologies in conserving architectural and cultural integrity while addressing urbanization pressures and environmental threats, so directly complementing SDG 11.4 on safeguarding cultural heritage and SDG 13.1 on resilience to hazards. (United Nations, 2015).