Risk assessment of organophosphorus pesticide residues in <i>Lonicera japonica</i> extracted using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents and determined by LC–MS/MS

Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) are considered to be efficient and green solvents for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticide (OP) residues from <i>Lonicera japonica</i>. Characterizations of HDES were evaluated with two organic acids and two alcohols. Synthesis was performed based on menthol as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and lauryl alcohol as a hydrogen bond donor (HBD). A menthol and lauryl alcohol mixture (molar ratio of 1:1) was optimal for extracting OPs. Three pesticide residues, including chlorpyrifos (detection rate 100%), oxomethoate (30%), and triazophos (8.3%), were found in all samples. Pesticide risk was evaluated using the hazard quotient (HQ). The highest HQa and HQc values for children were from oxomethoate (3.26% and 37.39%), which presented a low risk. To reduce the risk of excessive organophosphorus pesticide residues in <i>Lonicera japonica</i>, oxomethoate usage should be avoided.