Actinomycosis in cattle: A review

Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw) in cattle is a chronic, suppurative, and granulomatous infection primarily affecting the mandible and maxilla. It is caused by Actinomyces bovis, an opportunistic bacterium occasionally isolated from lesions in other domestic animals. The disease is of considerable veterinary importance due to its progressive nature, limited treatment response, and resultant economic losses. This review aims to summarize current evidence on the etiology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, treatment options, and prevention of bovine actinomycosis. Infection typically follows mucosal trauma or periodontal disease, leading to rarefying osteomyelitis and firm, immovable swellings with sinus tracts exuding seropurulent material containing characteristic granules. Although cases occur sporadically, the condition remains a challenge in cattle production systems. Diagnosis relies on clinical examination supported by cytology, microbiological culture, and imaging, while management includes surgical debridement and antimicrobial therapy, particularly iodides. Preventive measures focus on reducing oral injuries, improving feed quality, and culling severely affected animals. This review provides an updated synthesis of knowledge on bovine actinomycosis to support enhanced awareness, timely diagnosis, and effective control in livestock populations.