Augmented-OvSynch enhances estrus resumption, luteal function, and conception rates in postpartum Zebu crossbred cows under tropical smallholder systems

The Augmented-OvSynch protocol substantially improved reproductive outcomes in postpartum Zebu crossbred cows, primarily by enhancing luteal activity and improving synchronization responses. Although oxidative stress markers were influenced more by pregnancy outcome than treatment, their integration provided valuable insight into physiological determinants of fertility. Owing to its simplicity, low-cost, and field suitability, the protocol offers a practical and scalable reproductive management strategy for tropical smallholder dairy systems.