Photodynamic Therapy for Head and Neck Cancers: A Review of a Novel, Patient-Friendly Solution and Prospects

Abstract Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are among the six most common malignancies worldwide, with incidence projected to increase substantially by 2030. Although surgery and chemoradiation remain effective standard treatments, they are often costly, less accessible, and associated with significant functional and aesthetic morbidity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its safety profile, cost-effectiveness, and ability to preserve vital structures. This narrative review examined preclinical and clinical studies evaluating PDT for HNC. A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using terms such as “photodynamic therapy,” “head and neck cancer,” “oral squamous cell carcinoma,” “minimally invasive therapy,” “photoimmunotherapy,” “photochemical internalization,” and “nanoparticle delivery.” Only English-language, peer-reviewed articles reporting on the efficacy, safety, or mechanisms of PDT were included. Eligible studies were selected based on relevance to clinical application and innovation, and findings were organized thematically to highlight therapeutic outcomes, patient-centered advantages, and translational developments supporting broader clinical integration. PDT demonstrates several key advantages over conventional treatments, including high tumor specificity, reduced toxicity, preservation of normal tissues, and suitability for outpatient care. These benefits are especially valuable in low-resource settings. PDT also supports better functional and aesthetic outcomes by minimizing scarring and reducing hospital stays. Its compatibility with other modalities, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, further enhances its role in multimodal treatment strategies. Technological progress, particularly in nanoparticle-based photosensitizers and targeted light delivery, has markedly improved the precision and effectiveness of PDT. PDT holds strong potential as a safe, accessible, and cost-effective treatment for HNCs. Its favorable therapeutic profile, combined with expanding technological innovations, positions PDT as an important and increasingly relevant option within future oncologic care.