Stability of Myeloid Cell Phenotype and Function Across a Broad Age Range in Humans and Cynomolgus Monkeys, and a Dominant Contribution of Humoral Factors in the Control of Bacterial Infection

<b>Background</b>: Immune aging is a complex process involving various cellular changes, such as a myeloid bias, decreased functional activity of immune cells, accumulation of senescent cells, and alterations in serum levels of bactericidal humoral factors. As believed, these changes contribute to increased susceptibility of older adults to infectious diseases. Myeloid cells are considered the first line of defense against bacterial invasion. However, it remains unclear whether the protective functions of myeloid cells diminish in active older adults and whether potential age-related changes are evolutionarily conserved across primates. <b>Methods</b>: In this study, myeloid cell populations from peripheral blood and bone marrow of cynomolgus macaques and human peripheral blood were analyzed across a broad age range for phenotypic and functional characteristics, e.g., <i>E. coli</i> phagocytosis, secretion of proinflammatory factors, genetic instability, and signs of cellular aging. <b>Results</b>: Despite minor interspecies phenotypic differences in granulocyte populations, both the quantity and functions of myeloid cells were remarkably stable during aging in both species. Myeloid cells maintained genetic stability, and high SA-β-Gal activity was observed, likely reflecting metabolic traits rather than age-related changes. Importantly, a predominant and age-independent role of humoral factors, rather than cellular mechanisms, was identified in the initial control of bacterial infection. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings suggest that innate immune functions remain stable for a long time during aging in both species.