Effect of Tongue Exercise on Improving Age‐Related Decline in Swallowing Function: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Animal Model–Based Interventions

Robust evidence shows that progressive resistance tongue exercise can mitigate age-related decline in swallowing, whereas evidence for NMES, treadmill running, and pharmacological interventions remains limited. These findings underscore the translational potential of exercise-based therapies and highlight the need for age-tailored strategies.