Evolution of Cardiovascular Science: From Anatomy to Multiomics

Cardiovascular science has evolved from ancient anatomical curiosity to a multidisciplinary molecular discipline integrating genomics, imaging, and computational biology. This narrative review traces key milestones in cardiovascular discovery starting from the anatomical observations of Alcmaeon and Harvey’s elucidation of circulation to modern advances in echocardiography, angiography, and nuclear imaging. The 20 th century introduced transformative technologies including electrocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography, redefining both diagnosis and treatment. The 21 st century heralded the rise of molecular cardiology, driven by multiomics integration encompassing genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics. These advances now underpin precision medicine, offering individualized therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. Artificial intelligence and data science are further accelerating discovery by integrating high-dimensional biological data into predictive clinical models. This review underscores how centuries of exploration have converged into a unified, systems-level understanding of cardiovascular biology. The future of cardiovascular science lies in integrating omics data with imaging and digital analytics, unlocking new frontiers in personalized prevention, early detection, and mechanistic insight into heart disease.