Exogenous electrical stimulation in soft tissue wounds healing: mechanism and devices

Electrical stimulation can serve as a therapeutic modality accelerating the healing of soft tissue wounds. However, endogenous electric fields are frequently found to be attenuated in chronic wounds. Consequently, exogenous electrical stimulation devices have been explored to supplement and enhance endogenous electric fields, thereby promoting faster and more robust healing of soft tissue injuries. This review outlines the generation of endogenous electric fields in wounds, the molecular mechanisms by which electric fields facilitate healing, and the roles of endogenous electric fields across various stages of tissue repair. It further highlights recent advancements in applying exogenous electrical stimulation to wound sites. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions for the widespread clinical implementation of exogenous electrical stimulation in soft tissue wound management.