Granite powder in concrete: a review on durability and microstructural properties

Abstract Granite powder (GP) has gained attention as a sustainable alternative material in concrete production due to its potential to improve the durability and sustainability. The previous researchers focused on the mechanical properties of concrete and limited studies provided a detailed review on the effects of durability and microstructural characteristics of concrete. Therefore, this review critically examines the influence of GP on the concrete durability and microstructural properties. The findings indicate that GP improves concrete density, reduces water absorption, enhances impermeability, and increases resistance to acid and sulphate attacks. It also lowers the heat of hydration which making it suitable for mass concrete applications. In addition, GP improves the pore structure by reducing capillary porosity and improving packing density. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses indicate that GP promotes calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel formation. However, higher percentages of GP restrict CSH gel development, which leads to a looser mix, increased micro-cracking, and higher porosity. The optimal percentage of GP varies depending on factors such as the source of materials, mix design, water-cement ratio, curing time, and environmental conditions, which led to variation in research findings. Finally, the review identifies a research gap and recommends future studies.