Effect of A-site calcium substitution on the energy storage and dielectric properties of ferroelectric barium titanate system

Abstract The purpose of this research was to synthesize and characterize calcium (Ca) substituted barium titanate (Ba 1-x Ca x TiO 3 ) ceramics. Compositions with calcium substitution levels of x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 were prepared using a solid-state reaction method. All compositions were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld analysis to have a single-phase cubic crystal structure with slight lattice distortions. The optimal grain structure was determined by morphological analysis based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The lowest dielectric loss and highest dielectric constant were observed for the composition with x = 0.03. P-E loop analysis demonstrated a reduction in remanent polarization with increasing Ca content. The highest recoverable energy ( W rec ) and efficiency were obtained for x = 0.03. These results indicate that the material is suitable for energy storage devices, capacitors and high frequency optoelectronic applications. Through these insights, a pathway to design advanced functional materials for next generation electronic and energy devices is established.