Advancements in Magnetic Nanocomposites for Enhanced Photocatalytic Water Splitting

Harnessing solar energy via semiconductor-based photocatalysis offers a sustainable solution for global energy and environmental challenges. Therefore, the development of high-performance photocatalysts is a crucial strategy for mitigating the energy crisis and environmental pollution. Further, photocatalytic hydrogen production (H2) from water splitting is the most promising clean technology for renewable energy conversion. Towards this, exploring magnetic materials and their nanocomposites has gathered substantial attention for green H2 generation. This review summarizes advances in ferrite-based photocatalysts, including hematite, spinel ferrites, and magnetite, as well as their nanocomposites with carbon materials, metal oxides (MOS), conducting polymer, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and Maxene. Different synthesis strategies and structural modifications are discussed, highlighting their roles in enhancing charge separation, light absorption, and improving catalytic properties. Particular emphasis is given to the correlation between magnetic properties and photocatalytic performance, as well as the recyclability of these materials. Current challenges, including stability, scalability, and limited photocatalytic efficiency, are critically examined. Finally, future perspectives are presented, focusing on rational material design, multifunctional heterostructures, and scalable synthesis methods for efficient and durable hydrogen production.