Context-Aware Emotion Gating and Modulation for Fine-Grained Sentiment Classification

Fine-grained sentiment analysis requires a deep understanding of emotional intensity in the text to distinguish subtle shifts in polarity, such as moving from positive to more positive or from negative to more negative, and to clearly separate emotionally neutral statements from polarized expressions, especially in short or contextually sparse texts such as social media posts. While recent advances combine deep semantic encoding with context-aware architectures, such as Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), many models still struggle to detect nuanced emotional cues, particularly in short texts, due to the limited contextual information, subtle polarity shifts, and overlapping affective expressions, which ultimately hinder performance and reduce a model’s ability to make fine-grained sentiment distinctions. To address this challenge, we propose an Emotion- Aware Bidirectional Gating Network (Electra-BiG-Emo) that improves sentiment classification and subtle sentiment differentiation by learning contextual emotion representations and refining them with auxiliary emotional signals. Our model employs an asymmetric gating mechanism within a BiLSTM to dynamically capture both early and late contextual semantics. The gates are temperature-controlled, enabling adaptive modulation of emotion priors, derived from Reddit post datasets to enhance context-aware emotion representation. These soft emotional signals are reweighted based on context, enabling the model to amplify or suppress emotions in the presence of an ambiguous context. This approach advances fine-grained sentiment understanding by embedding emotional awareness directly into the learning process. Ablation studies confirm the complementary roles of semantic encoding, context modeling, and emotion modulation. Further our approach achieves competitive performance on Sem- Val 2017 Task 4c, Twitter US Airline, and SST5 datasets compared with state-of-the-art methods, particularly excelling in detecting subtle emotional variations and classifying short, semantically sparse texts. Gating and modulation analyses reveal that emotion-aware gating enhances interpretability and reinforces the value of explicit emotion modeling in fine-grained sentiment tasks.