A simple and feasible determination of selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene in the pharmaceutical formulation using the pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode

This article reports on the development of an electroanalytical method for the quantitative determination of the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene (RLX) using voltammetry at a pretreated boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. RLX exhibited irreversible cyclic voltammetric (CV) behavior in 0.04 mol L-1 Britton?Robinson (BR) supporting electrolyte at pH 2, generating two anodic oxidation peaks at approximately 0.79 V (PA1) and 1.46 V (PA2). Scan rate analysis revealed that both adsorption and diffusion mechanisms govern RLX transport to the electrode surface. Consequently, incorporating a preconcentration (deposition) step was hypothesized to enhance analytical sensitivity. Optimal deposition parameters, along with supporting electrolyte pH and square-wave voltammetry (SWV) modulation settings, were systematically optimized. Quantitative analysis was based on the first anodic peak (PA1) in 0.04 mol L-1 BR buffer at pH 2, exhibiting a linear dynamic range from 0.025 to 5.0 ?g mL-1 (from 4.9?10-8 to 9.9?10-6 mol L-1) and a detection limit of 0.0073 ?g mL-1 (1.4?10?? mol L-1). The method?s applicability was validated by successfully quantifying RLX in pharmaceutical formulations.