The source‐to‐sea nexus between water and ocean law: An international and EU perspective

Abstract The source‐to‐sea (S2S) approach provides a systemic framework for analysing the governance of naturally interconnected freshwater and marine ecosystems. This paper examines the extent to which the S2S approach is reflected in key international and EU water and ocean law instruments, as well as the legal and governance implications of said approach. Despite the strong ecological underpinnings of the S2S approach, water and ocean law frameworks remain distinct legal domains. The analysis reveals that while the S2S approach is often not explicitly recognised within these legal frameworks, its elements are implicitly embedded in their various provisions. By identifying the nexus between water and ocean law, the paper argues for a more integrated legal continuum to foster the S2S approach at international and EU levels.