Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metal Contamination of Surface Water from Upper River Benue at Jimeta, Yola North, Nigeria

Surface water pollution by heavy metals is a major environmental concern due to its adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. This study assessed the physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of surface water from the Upper River Benue at the Jimeta axis, Yola North, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected monthly between August 2024 and January 2025 from three sampling sites: Near Custom Office, Middle of the River, and Damare side. Physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen were determined using standard analytical methods, while concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS). Results revealed slightly alkaline pH values (8.57–9.13), moderate electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen levels adequate for aquatic life. Heavy metal concentrations across all sites and months were below World Health Organization permissible limits. Statistical analysis showed no significant spatial or temporal variation in heavy metal concentrations (P > 0.05). The findings indicate that surface water from River Benue at Jimeta is currently suitable for domestic and ecological use; however, continuous monitoring is recommended to prevent future contamination.