Global, regional and national burden of trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer in middle-aged and elderly people aged 55+ years from 1990 to 2021, with projections to 2036: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

The global TBL cancer burden reflects a complex interplay of socioeconomic development, tobacco control, and environmental risk factors. Forecasts suggest widening disparities, with lower SDI regions expected to face a continued rise in mortality. Addressing gender disparities, expanding genomic and early detection programs in high-burden regions, and implementing scalable environmental policies in resource-limited settings are critical for improving outcomes. Aligning SDI growth with healthcare reforms and optimizing resource allocation through predictive modeling will help mitigate inefficiencies and enhance long-term cancer control efforts.