Factors associated with lymphatic filariasis in Indonesia

<h2>Abstract:</h2><h3>Problem Considered</h3> Lymphatic filariasis (LF) remains a significant public health issue in Indonesia despite global progress and national elimination efforts. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the influence of socioeconomic characteristics, preventive behaviors, and housing environmental factors on the risk of LF among Indonesian adults. <h3>Methods</h3> This cross-sectional study used the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey to examine associations between socioeconomic factors, protective behaviors, housing characteristics, and lymphatic filariasis (LF) among 570,618 adults. Associations with LF were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression, with results reported as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals. <h3>Results</h3> The prevalence of LF was 0.14%. Socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, education, wealth index, and residence) were not statistically associated with LF risk. However, regular use of mosquito repellents (sprays, coils, electric devices) was significantly associated with a 25% reduction in LF risk (AOR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59–0.95). Living in houses with non-permanent roofing (AOR 1.49, 95% CI: 0.97–2.28) and without ceilings (AOR 1.20, 95% CI: 0.93–1.54) showed increased, though non-significant, odds of LF occurrence. <h3>Conclusion</h3> LF risk in Indonesia is not distinguished by socioeconomic status but is more strongly determined by consistent adoption of protective behaviors and housing quality. Universal access to mosquito repellents and targeted improvement in housing infrastructure should be prioritized as equitable and effective LF control strategies.