Mechanisms of Astrocyte Action in the Blood Brain Barrier: From Structural Support to Dynamic Regulation

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) consists of endothelial cells enmeshed by brain microvessels, surrounding basement membrane, pericytes and astrocyte pedicles. It serves as a natural barrier between the blood and brain tissue and both its structural and functional integrity play a crucial role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from harmful substances and maintaining the internal stability of the brain. As an important component of the BBB and a hub in the neurovascular unit that links neurons and the cerebral microvasculature, astrocytes play a key role in providing structural support and dynamic regulation of the BBB. In this review, we describe both the physiological structure and mechanistic functions of the BBB and astrocytes, and explores the role of astrocytes in the development, stabilization, destruction and repair of the BBB. Finally, we outlines the therapeutic potential of targeting these mechanisms for CNS disorders associated with BBB disruption.