Vascularized Homeostasis: The Key to Orofacial Tissue-Engineered Organoid Construction

Tissue-engineered organoids hold great promise for regenerative medicine, but insufficient vascularization remains a major barrier to their functionalization and clinical translation. Effective vascular networks are essential for organoid scalability, long-term survival, and functionality. Recent research has focused on strategies such as microfluidics, 3D bioprinting, self-assembly, and smart biomaterials to reconstruct functional vasculature. However, challenges persist, including poor structural stability, functional decline, and limited clinical applicability. The concept of "vascularized homeostasis"-a dynamic balance of vascular formation and remodeling-is seen as key to sustaining long-term organoid function. This review summarizes current advances and limitations in organoid vascularization and highlights the role of homeostatic regulation in enhancing repair potential and clinical translation.