Exosomes: Pioneering the Future of Vitiligo Therapy

From disposal waste with no significant role in biology to a primary channel for long-distance communication between cells. Because of their precise function in microenvironments, exosomes are the future of regenerative therapy. Exosomes have a double-edged effect when it comes to regulating pathogenesis, whether in releasing inhibition or promotion factors, their effects influence the whole direction of the pathway. Exosomes are nanovesicles found in extracellular sites and body fluids. With their role in various pathological and physiological processes, studies have shown promising results, whether in a therapeutic or diagnostic approach. Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease with progressive loss of melanocytes and formation of white patches on the skin epidermis. Due to its challenging nature, continuous studies are conducted to further understand the pathogenesis and newest approach to enhance pigmentation with no recurrence loss of melanin. A total of 27 studies have been collected from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases between the years 1974 and 2024. The aim of this review is to deepen the understanding of vitiligo pathogenesis with the implication of exosomes from various sources of derivation that can be used in future approaches.