Bridging maternal effects and epitranscriptomics: A novel perspective in developmental biology

Maternal effects, encompassing both genetic (maternally expressed gene products) and non-genetic (maternal state) influences, are powerful determinants of offspring phenotype, yet their RNA-level mechanisms remain incompletely resolved. In parallel, epitranscriptomics, an emerging field centered on chemical modifications to RNA, has revealed new layers of gene regulation with implications for cell fate, plasticity, and response to environmental cues. In this perspective article, a conceptual link is proposed between maternal effects and epitranscriptomic mechanisms, focusing on how maternal environments may shape offspring phenotypes through RNA modifications. Evidence is examined from diverse systems, including maternal deposition of modified RNAs, environmental modulation of RNA-modifying enzymes, and early developmental windows sensitive to maternal inputs. A clear distinction is drawn between placenta-mediated pathways that reprogram trophoblast/placental epitranscriptomics and direct fetal-tissue routes that act within developing organs. Although causal demonstrations are still emerging, convergent observations indicate that maternal environments can tune the offspring epitranscriptome with lasting phenotypic consequences. To articulate this emerging connection, the concept of "maternal RNA imprinting" is proposed, the idea that offspring development is shaped by maternal cues via targeted RNA modifications. This article aims not only to synthesize emerging insights across fields but also to stimulate interdisciplinary discussion and encourage investigation into the unexplored intersections of maternal biology and RNA regulation.