A synopsis of Trichoderma viride bioformulation: Mass production techniques, methods of farm applications, challenges, limitations and future perspectives

Sustainable agriculture stives to enhance crop productivity while minimizing environmental degradation, emphasizing the need for eco-friendly and effective alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals. Biological control has been proven to be an effective substitute for synthetic chemicals. Among biocontrol agents (BCAs), Trichoderma viride has emerged as a well-established biocontrol fungus with multifaceted roles in plant disease management and growth promotion. This review aims to systematically evaluate biology, mechanisms of action, mass production technologies and field application methods to T. viride, highlighting its limitations and future research prospects. By consolidating and critically analyzing scattered information, this work seeks to identify knowledge gaps that can guide the development of improved formulations and practical usage strategies. Overall, T. viride demonstrates remarkable potential as sustainable bioresource for integrated disease management, improved soil health and environmental stewardship, although its commercial success depends on advances in formulation stability, contamination control and strain selection.