Legal Framework and Infrastructure for the Operation of Autonomous Trains in the Slovak Republic

Abstract This paper examines the legal framework and technical readiness for the deployment of autonomous train operation in the Slovak Republic. While the European Union has established a harmonised system of interoperability and safety supported by Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI), the Fourth Railway Package and the ATO over ETCS concept, national legislation in Slovakia remains largely oriented toward a traditional model of train operation with a dominant human role. The study identifies the key legal gaps that must be addressed, including the redefinition of responsibilities between drivers and automated systems, the adaptation of safety assessment procedures, and the introduction of cybersecurity requirements. The paper also analyses the current state of railway infrastructure in Slovakia, highlighting significant disparities between modernised core corridors and technologically outdated regional lines. The findings show that the successful introduction of autonomous trains will require comprehensive infrastructure upgrades, including full implementation of ETCS Level 2 or higher, the transition from GSM-R to FRMCS, and the modernisation of signalling and communication systems. The study concludes that autonomous train operation in Slovakia is feasible, but its implementation depends on coordinated legislative, technical and organisational development aligned with European standards.