Integrated Vermicompost and Microbial Inoculation Enhance Growth, Yield, and Volatile Oil Composition of <i>Coriandrum sativum</i> L.

An eleven-treatment field trial examined the effects of different rates of vermicompost (vermi.) (100%, 75%, and 50% of the recommended dose) in combination with bio-fertilizers [Azotobacter sp. and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)] on the performance of Coriandrum sativum L. during the winter seasons of 2023-2024 and 2024-2025. The treatments comprised an unfertilized control and all factorial permutations of vermicompost level with Azotobacter and/or AMF inoculation (100% vermicompost, 100 % vermicompost + Azotobacter, 100% vermicompost + AMF, 100% vermicompost + Azotobacter + AMF, 75% vermicompost + Azotobacter, 75% vermicompost + AMF, 75 % vermicompost + Azotobacter + AMF, 50% vermicompost + Azotobacter, 50% vermicompost + AMF, and 50% vermicompost + Azotobacter + AMF). Measurements included yield components, volatile oil properties, and vegetative parameters. Superior growth, fruit production, and volatile oil yield were demonstrated by the combined application of 100% vermicompost and dual bio-fertilizer inoculation (Azotobacter and AMF), which consistently produced the most notable improvements across all measured parameters. This demonstrated the effectiveness of integrated organic-microbial fertilization for Coriandrum sativum L. cultivation.