A Monte Carlo-Based Framework for V2G Participation Classification and Remuneration Scheme Evaluation

Building upon the Modular Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) schemes proposed in previous work, this study adopts a method for classifying electric vehicle users based on their technical and economic availability. The considered probabilistic method evaluates the V2G participation and associated remuneration mechanisms. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate a distribution of user scores which determine their participation level in frequency regulation services. Based on this classification, energy contributions per level were determined and three remuneration strategies (energy-only, hybrid with fixed premium, and flat rate) were then applied and analyzed. The results show that although most customers participate at lower levels (with about 76.8% of users not participating, 16.3% in low provision level, 5.9% in medium provision level, and only around 1% in high provision level), they collectively supply a large portion of the total energy. Nevertheless, remuneration per vehicle is generally low, which questions the issue of remuneration for ancillary services and the need to find a fair balance between the technical needs of the network and the actual cost of services when applied at the individual user level.