Effect of vitamin D deficiency on salivary gland and oral health in diabetic male albino rats

Background and aim Diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency are both linked to systemic and oral health complications. Their combined impact on salivary gland function and oral integrity remains inadequately explored. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D deficiency on salivary glands and oral health in diabetic male albino rats. Materials and methods Twenty-eight adult male albino rats were randomized into four groups ( n =7): control, vitamin D deficient, diabetic, and diabetic with vitamin D deficiency. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin, and vitamin D deficiency was achieved via diet and light restriction. Biochemical assays assessed serum electrolytes, vitamin D, glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, and salivary components (electrolytes, pH, protein, and flow rate). Histopathological analysis was performed on salivary glands and oral tissues. Results The diabetic+vitamin D-deficient group exhibited the lowest sodium, calcium, and vitamin D levels, and the highest potassium and glucose levels ( P <0.001). They also had the most acidic salivary pH, the lowest flow rate, and total protein content. Lipid profiles showed significantly elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein, with reduced high-density lipoprotein. Histopathology revealed marked ductal distortion and inflammatory infiltration in this group. Conclusion Combined diabetes and vitamin D deficiency synergistically impair salivary gland function and oral health. These results emphasize how important vitamin D is in monitoring and supplementation in diabetic populations.