Scoring Systems in Sepsis: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract Sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early identification of organ dysfunction using robust scoring systems profoundly influences patient outcomes. This review explores conventional systems such as SOFA, qSOFA, SIRS, NEWS, APACHE, SAPS and emerging models including POSMI, biomarker-augmented tools, and machine-learning (ML) algorithms. Strengths, limitations, validation status, and clinical utility are assessed, with recommendations aligned to current Surviving Sepsis Campaign and Sepsis-3 guidelines.