Cost-effectiveness of pay-for-performance incentives for topical fluoride application among US children: a decision-analytic modelling study

P4P incentives to increase topical fluoride application in children could be cost-effective, and potentially cost-saving, under certain conditions. Cost-effectiveness modelling can help define incentive-coverage combinations that are likely to promote both efficiency and equity. Empirical studies are needed to validate provider responsiveness and establish achievable benchmarks for programme design.