Which parent, which schema mode? Examining the role of parental gender in adverse childhood experiences

Findings suggest that the emotional quality of the mother-child emotional relationships were more strongly associated with schema modes than father-child relationships at the sample level. No significant paths to schema modes were observed in the male subgroup, indicating that conclusions about gender-specific influences should remain cautious and exploratory. Further research using formal multi-group analyses is required to clarify potential gender-related differences.