Intralysosomal pathogens differentially influence the proteolytic potential of their niche

Avoiding lysosomal degradation is vital to the success of intracellular pathogens. The Gram-negative bacterium <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> and protozoan parasites of the <i>Leishmania</i> genus are unique in being able to replicate within the mature phagolysosomal compartment of host cells, though the exact mechanisms utilized to withstand this hostile environment are not clearly defined. We recently reported that <i>C. burnetii</i> removes the lysosomal protease cathepsin B during infection of mammalian cells. Here, we aimed to determine if this virulence strategy was also employed by the intralysosomal pathogen, <i>Leishmania mexicana</i>. In contrast to <i>C. burnetii</i>, decreases in the activity of specific cathepsins were not detected in <i>L. mexicana</i>-infected host cells as determined using immunoblotting and protease activity-based probes. Co-infection of THP-1 macrophage-like cells with both pathogens resulted in a proteolytic and secretory phenotype consistent with <i>C. burnetii</i> infection, suggesting that <i>C. burnetii-</i>induced remodeling of the lysosome is not influenced by <i>L. mexicana</i>. The host cell proteome and secretome of <i>L. mexicana</i>-infected cells were defined using mass spectrometry. This confirmed that, unlike <i>C. burnetii</i>, <i>L. mexicana</i> does not induce increased abundance of lysosomal proteins either intracellularly or in the extracellular milieu. Collectively, this study reveals that although <i>C. burnetii</i> and <i>L. mexicana</i> reside in a phagolysosomal intracellular niche, they employ divergent mechanisms to survive within this hostile compartment.