Selenium Nanoparticles: Biomedical Application Advances and New Stomatology Pathways

Selenium nanomaterials, as current emerging materials, have garnered significant attention in the medical field due to their remarkable bio-compatibility, low toxicity, and environmental sustainability. Due to their facile synthetic accessibility and tunable physicochemical properties, they exhibit significant potential as novel adjuvant therapeutic strategies for treating inflammation, bacterial infections, and other pathological conditions. This review first systematically outlines three primary synthesis strategies for Selenium nanoparticles(SeNPs): physical, chemical, and biological approaches, highlighting their respective underlying mechanisms and unique advantages. Then it summarizes the properties of various SeNPs and the advantages and disadvantages of each method, assessing and providing a comprehensive comparison of the strengths and limitations associated with each synthesis method. Furthermore, this review introduces the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of SeNPs, with a focus on the signaling pathways and enzymatic interactions through which SeNPs exert their therapeutic effects in vivo. Finally, this review summarizes recent advancements in the application of SeNPs in three critical areas: antimicrobial therapy, cancer treatment, and anti-inflammatory/antioxidant interventions, focusing on summarizing the current application of SeNPs and exploring the possibility of their application in the field of stomatology by elucidating their strengths and weaknesses, which provides a theoretical basis for SeNPs' application in the field of stomatology.