Recent advances in 3D printing of advanced nanocomposites for wearable TENG devices

The rapid development of wearable electronics has intensified the demand for portable and sustainable energy sources. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), featuring lightweight structures and superior performance in harvesting low-frequency mechanical energy, have emerged as a highly promising solution. In recent years, nanocomposites and 3D printing have each contributed significantly to advancing TENGs from the perspectives of materials and fabrication. Advanced nanocomposites enhance electrical, mechanical and environmental adaptability through functional fillers, while 3D printing enables personalised design and precise fabrication of complex architectures. However, the systematic investigation of their synergistic combination in wearable TENGs remains is limited. This review highlights how the integration of nanocomposites and 3D printing improves device output, mechanical robustness and adaptability to complex operating environments. More importantly, we discuss the challenges in device integration and pathways toward large-scale adaptations, aiming to provide insights for advancing wearable TENGs from laboratory scale to practical deployment.