Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanovesicles for CNS Drug Delivery and Gut–Brain Axis Modulation: A Narrative Review

As global population aging intensifies, the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) disorders escalates, while obstacles like the blood-brain barrier (BBB) impede effective medication delivery. Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PELNVs), as innovative therapeutic carrier, have garnered significant interest in their capacity to transport medications across the BBB. A substantial emphasis is focused on the diverse therapeutic potential of PELNVs, underscoring their direct neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, along with their nascent function in altering the gut-brain axis to indirectly mitigate neuroinflammation. We subsequently compile information elucidating the processes by which PELNVs transport therapeutic cargo to the brain, including receptor-mediated transcytosis and their tailored targeting techniques. Ultimately, we address the prevailing difficulties. In summary, PELNVs embody a revolutionary, multi-faceted strategy with significant promise to address the persistent challenges in CNS medication delivery and treatment.