The UFLUX ensemble of multiple-scale carbon, water, and energy fluxes

Terrestrial ecosystems regulate climate by absorbing about one-third of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Monitoring carbon, water, and energy fluxes is essential for understanding ecosystem responses to climate change. However, existing flux datasets lack sufficient spatial resolution and consistency needed for fragmented landscapes like UK agricultural areas. This study presents the Unified FLUXes (UFLUX) ensemble, a globally consistent dataset of gross primary productivity, evapotranspiration, and sensible heat fluxes derived from eddy covariance data, satellite observations, and machine learning. UFLUX comprises ~ 60 ensemble members across multiple spatial and temporal scales: global (monthly, 0.25°), Europe (daily, 0.25°; biannual, 100 m), and UK (daily, 100 m). Validation against eddy covariance (EC) measurements shows UFLUX captures over 80% of flux variability, with low mean absolute errors, reproducing climate responses and interannual patterns in line with existing literature, though uncertainties in net carbon flux remain. UFLUX holds promise for supporting cross-scale climate policymaking and actions, providing valuable insights for land management and carbon sequestration efforts aimed at a carbon-neutral future.